11:17 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 
Roy D. Chapin, Secretary 

■ M BUREAU OF MINES 
Scott Turner, Director 


SAND AND GRAVEL 

IN 1931 


By E. R. PHILLIPS 


Mineral Resources of the United States, 1911—Part H 

(Pages 243-250) 

Published February 8, 1933 



UNITED STATES 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
WASHINGTON : 1933 


For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - Price 5 cents 


Suberic* 


































■'* 

















SAND AND GRAVEL 1 








By E. R. 

Phillips 2 


CONTENTS 

Production.. 

Values... 

Page 

Molding sand... 

Imports 

Glass sand__ 


Exports...... 


Page 

249 

249 

250 


PRODUCTION 

The total output of sand and gravel reported as sold or used by 
producers in the United States in 1931 amounted to 153,479,044 short 
tons, valued at $86,280,320, a decrease of 22 per cent in quantity and 
25 per cent in value compared with 1930. Production was reported 
for approximately 2,650 plants and pits in 1931 compared with 2,700 
in 1930. 

The quantity and value of all classes of sand and gravel materials 
decreased except sand utilized for fills, bank widening, and other mis¬ 
cellaneous purposes, which increased slightly in quantity but decreased 
in value.. In comparison with 1930 glass sand decreased 9 per cent 
in quantity and 13 per cent in value and molding sand 36 and 40 per 
cent, building sand 25 and 28 per cent, building gravel 24 and 28 per 
cent, paving sand 24 and 27 per cent, and paving gravel 12 and 18 
per cent, respectively. 

The total output of sand in 1931 was 64,492,826 short tons, valued 
at $36,696,746, a decrease of 23 per cent in quantity and 26 per cent 
in value. The total output of gravel was 88,986,218 short tons, 
valued at $49,583,574, a decrease of 22 per cent in quantity and 24 
per cent in value. 

Eleven States each reported the production of over 5,000,000 tons 
of sand and gravel in 1931 compared with 14 States in 1930. New 
York, Illinois, and Indiana were the largest producers in 1931, New 
York reporting 17,155,174 tons, Illinois 10,297,943 tons, and Indiana 
10,091,450 tons. California, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Texas, 
Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Louisiana (named in order of quantity) 
were the other States whose output in 1931 was 5,000,000 tons or 
more. The States leading in total value of output were New York, 
with $10,612,014, Pennsylvania with $6,977,246, and California with 
$6,222,779. 

The washed and screened, or otherwise prepared, sand and gravel 
sold or used by producers in 1931 was 120,647,222 short tons (79 
per cent of the total sand and gravel produced), valued at $75,023,189. 


i Work on manuscript completed November, 1932. 

P 2 Figures on imports and exports compiled by J. A. Dorsey, of the Bureau of Mines, from records of the 
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 

153054—33 


243 













244 


MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31-PART II 


In addition to the sand sold or used by producers for the purposes 
listed in this report other sand was finely ground or pulverized for 
use in paint, pottery, fillers, and similar products. In 1931 the 
output of such ground material totaled 183,880 short tons, valued at 
$1,196,425. The production of ground sand and sandstone is dis¬ 
cussed in the Mineral Resources chapter on Silica. 


Sand and gravel sold or used by producers in the United States, 1927-1931 


Year 

Sand 

Gravel (including railroad 
ballast) 

Total 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

1927.. 

93, 588, 339 
97, 737, 717 
99, 253, 054 
83, 658, 618 
64, 492, 826 

$54, 291, 398 
56,132, 406 
60, 801, 357 
49, 721, 553 
36, 696, 746 

103, 865, 930 
111, 381,151 
123, 318, 851 
113, 393,108 
88, 986, 218 

$61, 238, 388 
63,075, 531 
72, 034, 622 
65, 454, 990 
49, 583, 574 

197,454, 269 
209,118,868 
222, 571, 905 
197, 051, 726 
153, 479, 044 

$115, 529,786 
119, 207, 937 
132, 835, 979 
115, 176, 543 
86, 280, 320 

1928__ 

1929.. 

1930_ 

1931. 



Sand and gravel sold or used by producers in the United States, 1980 and 1981, 

by uses 


Use 

1930 

1931 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

Sand: 

Glass___ 

1,849,101 

3, 336, 855 
33, 599, 524 
36, 367, 468 

1,115, 915 
258, 241 

1, 773, 204 
80, 326 
5, 277, 984 

$3, 210, 973 
3, 547,154 
18, 850, 936 
18, 674, 649 
1, 613, 022 
333, 727 

1, 219, 070 
167, 947 
2,104, 075 

1,677,882 
2,138, 305 
25,178, 572 
27, 459, 581 
607, 589 
88,189 
1, 604,123 
55, 319 
5, 683, 266 

$2, 779, 245 
2,122, 049 
13, 661, 056 
13, 714, 822 
1, 105, 213 
131, 640 

1, 012, 548 
119, 825 

2, 050, 348 

Molding______ 

Building____ 

Paving___ 

Grinding and polishing_ 

Fire or furnace____ 

Engine______ 

Filter______ 

Other 1 _ 

Gravel: 

Building___ 

83, 658, 618 

49, 721, 553 

64, 492, 826 

36, 696, 746 

28, 271, 902 
64, 408, 274 
20, 712, 932 

21, 346, 251 
37, 349, 936 
6, 758, 803 

21,426, 814 
56,716, 230 
10,843,174 

15, 449, 709 
30, 605,181 
3, 528, 684 

Paving__ 

Railroad ballast 2 _ 

Grand total__ 

113, 393,108 

65, 454, 990 

88, 986, 218 

49, 583, 574 

197, 051, 726 

115,176, 543 

153, 479, 044 

86, 280, 320 



1 Includes some sand used for railroad ballast, fills, etc. 

2 Includes some gravel used for fills and other purposes. The quantity of gravel reported as used exclu¬ 
sively for railroad ballast was as follows: 1930, 16,227,543 tons, valued at $5,554,684; 1931, 8,814,907 tons, 
valued at $2,898,598. 



















































Sand and gravel sold or used by producers in the United States in 1981, by States and uses 


SAND AND GRAVEL 


245 



i Included under “Undistributed, 











































































































Sand and gravel sold or used by producers in the United States in 1931, by States and uses —Continued 


246 


MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31-PART II 


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248 


MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31—PART II 

VALUES 

There were decreases in average values for all classes of sand and 
gravel except grinding and polishing, fire or furnace, and filter sand. 
The average value for the total output of sand and gravel sold or used 
by producers was 56 cents a ton in 1931 compared with 58 cents in 
1930 and 60 cents in 1929. The total output of washed and screened, 
or otherwise prepared, sand and gravel, considered alone, averaged 62 
cents a ton in 1931 and 65 cents in both 1929 and 1930; in comparing 
these averages it should be noted that the 1931 figures include “other¬ 
wise prepared” as well as “washed and screened” material, whereas 
the 1929 and 1930 averages are based on figures reported under the 
latter designation only. 


Average value per short ton of sand and gravel sold or used hy producers in the United 

States , 1927-1931 

[Based on amounts received for sales f. o. b. pits or nearest shipping points] 


Kind 

1927 

1928 

1929 

1930 

1931 

Glass sand___ 

$1. 50 

$1. 49 

$1. 71 

$1.74 

$1. 66 

Molding sand___ 

1. 06 

1.06 

1.03 

1.06 

.99 

Building sand..... 

. 54 

.53 

.57 

.56 

.54 

Paving sand_____ 

.50 

.49 

. 52 

.51 

.50 

Grinding and polishing sand_ 

1.30 

1.30 

1.41 

1.45 

1.82 

Fire or furnace sand___ 

1.10 

1.18 

1.10 

1.29 

1. 49 

Engine sand_______ 

.63 

. 64 

. 64 

. 69 

.63 

Filter sand_ 

2.08 

1.99 

2.00 

2.09 

2.17 

Railroad ballast gravel 1 __ _ 

.33 

.30 

.31 

.33 

. 36 

Gravel (exclusive of railroad ballast)_ 

.69 

. 65 

.68 

. 63 

.59 

All sand and gravel_ 

.59 

.57 

.60 

.58 

.56 



1 Includes some gravel used for fills and other purposes. The average value per ton for the gravel used 
exclusively for railroad ballast was $0.31 in 1928, $0.32 in 1929, $0.34 in 1930, and $0.33 in 1931. 


GLASS SAND 

The production of glass sand in 1931 totaled 1,677,882 short tons, 
valued at $2,779,245, a decrease of 9 per cent in quantity and 13 per 
cent in value compared with 1930. In 1931 glass sand was produced 
in 19 States, of which the largest producers (in order of quantity) were 
West Virginia, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and New Jersey; the 
output in these States ranged from 423,551 tons in West Virginia to 
115,076 tons in New Jersey. The States leading in total value of glass 
sand were West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri, the 
total ranging from $807,513 in West Virginia to $192,401 in Missouri. 

The average value per short ton f. o. b. plant or pit for the total 
output of glass sand was $1.66 in 1931 compared with $1.74 in 1930 
and $1.71 in 1929. The average value for the total output of glass 
sand in the individual States ranged from 33 cents to $5 a short ton 
in 1931, compared with 35 cents to $5.20 in 1930. 


Glass sand sold or used hy producers in the United States, 1927-1931 


Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Total 

Average 

Total 

Average 

1927.. 

2,171,693 
2,310,828 
2, 219, 677 

$3,257,790 
3,435,645 
3, 788,471 

$1.50 

1.49 

1.71 

1930 

1, S49,101 

1,677,882 

$3,210,973 
2,779,245 

$1.74 
1.66 

1928. 

1931 

1929. 



















































SAND AND GRAVEL 


249 


MOLDING SAND 

The output of molding sand in 1931 was 2,138,305 short tons, 
valued at $2,122,049, a decrease of 36 per cent in quantity and 40 per 
cent in value compared with 1930. In 1931 molding sand was 
reported from 27 States, of which the largest producers (in order of 
quantity) were Michigan, New Jersey, Illinois, Ohio, New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Indiana; the output in these States ranged from 
421,635 tons in Michigan to 134,575 tons in Indiana. The States 
leading in total value of molding sand were Ohio, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana, the total 
ranging from $406,637 in Ohio to $72,631 in Indiana. 

The average value per short ton f. o. b. plant or pit for the total 
output of molding sand was 99 cents in 1931 compared with $1.06 in 
1930 and $1.03 in 1929. The average value for the total output of 
molding sand in the individual States in 1931 ranged from 20 cents 
to $4.38 a short ton. 


Molding sand sold or used by 'producers in the United States , 1927-1931 


Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Total 

Average 

Total 

Average 

1927... 

4,194,975 
4, 781, 765 
6,195, 343 

$4,458, 508 

5, 089,969 

6 , 410, 343 

$1.06 

1.06 

1.03 

1930_ 

3,336,855 
2,138,305 

$3,547,154 
2,122,049 

$1.06 

.99 

1928.. 

1931. 

1929__ 




IMPORTS 

Imports of sand and gravel into the United States, as recorded by 
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, were 420,721 short 
tons, valued at $303,901, in 1931, compared with 1,832,850 tons, 
valued at $719,345, in 1930, a decrease of 77 per cent in quantity and 
58 per cent in value. Imports of glass sand were 35,045 tons, valued 
at $76,363, in 1931, compared with 24,700 tons, valued at $42,203, in 
1930. Imports of “Sand, not specially provided for” were 262,198 
tons, valued at $164,238, in 1931. Imports of gravel declined from 
448,896 tons, valued at $202,968, in 1930 to 123,478 tons, valued at 
$63,300, in 1931. 

Canada was the source of 88 per cent of the sand and gravel imported 
in 1931; 11 per cent came from Belgium, and the remaining 1 per cent 
came from United Kingdom, France, Netherlands, Mexico, Germany, 
and Cuba. Compared with 1930, imports from Canada in 1931 
decreased 79 per cent in quantity and those from Belgium 45 per cent. 

The values given for imports represent the foreign market value 
(or the export value, if higher) plus the cost of containers and all 
expenses incident to placing merchandise ready for shipment to the 
United States, including export tax, if any. 


Sand and gravel imported for consumption in the United States, 1927-1931 


Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Year 

Short tons 

Value 

1097 

736,271 
788,222 
1, 666,387 

$302,551 
392, 111 
751, 602 

1930... 

1,832,850 

$719,345 

IQOfl 

1931..... 

420, 721 

303, 901 

1929 __ 








— 












































250 MINERAL RESOURCES, 19 31-PART II 


Sand and gravel imported for consumption in the United States, 1929-1981, by classes 


Class 

1929 

1930 

1931 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

Glass sand 1 ___ _ 



24,700 

2 1,359,254 
448,896 

$42,203 

2 474,174 
202, 968 

35,045 
a 262,198 
123, 478 

$76,363 
2 164, 238 
63,300 

Other sand... 

Gravel.... 

1,106,974 
559, 413 

$446,259 
305, 343 

1, 666 , 387 

751, 602 

1, 832, 850 

719, 345 

420, 721 

303, 901 


1 Beginning June 18, 1930, classification reads “Sand containing 95 per cent silica and not more than 0.6 
per cent oxide of iron and suitable for manufacture of glass.” 

2 Includes 793,009 tons of “Sand, other than glass,” valued at $252,380, imported June 18 to Dec. 31; not 
separately recorded prior to change in tariff. 

2 Classification reads “Sand, n. s. p. f.” 


Sand and gravel imported into the United States, 1929-1931, by countries 

[General imports] 


Country 

1929 

1930 

1931 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

Short tons 

Value 

North America: 

Canada.__ .. . 

Cuba..... ... 

1,539,883 

$625,385 

1, 743,093 

$597, 477 

371, 475 

1 

433 

46,849 
703 
20 
449 

$185, 305 
15 
391 

99, 863 
4,763 
307 
4,885 

Mexico_... _ .. .. 

Europe: 

Belgium... 

France..... 

Germany___ _ 

Netherlands... ..... 

Norway____ .. 

54, 656 

87,457 
1,214 
1,786 
519 

1 

296 

0 ) 

2,573 

15,511 

65,019 
10,948 
1,922 
5,916 

5 

2, 520 

8 

24,363 

2,749 

85,110 
980 
101 
456 

1,605 

99,109 
6,906 
3,826 
5,116 

United Kingdom_ . . . 

Asia: 

China.... 

183 

4,890 

791 

8 , 372 

India (British)__ _ ... 

167 

11 

366 

50 



Japan.... . 



Africa: Liberia____ 

0 ) 

5 








1, 688 , 385 

751, 602 

1,832, 850 

719, 345 

420, 721 

303,901 


1 Less than 1 ton. 


EXPORTS 

Exports of sand and gravel in 1931 totaled 217,870 short tons, 
valued at $418,441, a decrease of 33 per cent in quantity and 27 per 
cent in value compared with 1930. 


Sand and gravel exported from the United States, 1927-1931 


Year 

Short tons 

Value 

Year 

Short tons 

Value 

1927..__ 

421,243 
737,368 
486, 378 

$557, 644 
638, 288 
809,831 

1930 

323,090 
217,870 

$570,107 
418,441 

1928___ 

1931 

1929___ 



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